CD38
Clone SPC32
CD38 is a glycoprotein found on the surface of many immune cells (white blood cells), including CD4+, CD8+, B and natural killer cells. It is a marker of cell activation. The CD38 protein has been connected to HIV infection, Leukemias, Myelomas, solid tumors, Type II Diabetes Mellitus and bone metabolism, as well as some genetically-determined conditions. It has also been used as a prognostic marker in Leukemia. CD38 is highly expressed on thymocytes. It is also expressed by early cells of B and T lineages, NK cells, plasma cells, monocytes and macrophages, and may be detected on cells from Multiple Myeloma, ALL (B and T) and some AML.
The CD38 antibody is useful in subtyping of Lymphomas and Leukemias, inhibition of B-lymphopoiesis, detection of plasma cells, protection of B-cells from apoptosis, and as a marker for activated B and T-cell proliferation.
CDK4
Clone EP180
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) is a member of the Ser/Thr protein kinase family. It is a catalytic subunit of the protein kinase complex that is important for cell cycle G1 phase progression. The activity of this kinase is restricted to the G1-S phase, which is controlled by the regulatory subunits D-type cyclins and CDK inhibitor p16 (INK4a).
Overexpression of CDK4 antibody has been observed in many tumor types, including oral squamous cell carcinoma and cancers of the pancreatic (endocrine tumors), lung, breast and colon. The expression of CDK4 antibody is associated with tumor progression. Binh et al. reported a high expression of CDK4 (92%) in atypical lipomatous tumor/well-differentiated liposarcomas (ALT-WDLPS) and dedifferentiated liposarcomas (DDLPS). CDK4 is useful in differentiating ALT-WDLPS from benign adipose tumors and to separate DDLPS from poorly differentiated sarcomas.
Galectin-3
Clone 9C4
Galectin-3 is a 31 kDa beta-galactosidase binding lectin. It has been associated with binding to the basement membrane glycoprotein laminin. Galectin-3 is normally distributed in epithelia of many organs and various inflammatory cells, including macrophages, as well as dendritic cells and Kupffer cells. The expression of this lectin is up-regulated during inflammation, cell proliferation, cell differentiation and through trans-activation by viral proteins.
Galectin-3 antibody has been demonstrated to be valuable in differentiating between benign and malignant thyroid neoplasms in both histologic sections and Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy material. Galectin-3 antibody has also been useful in identifying Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma.
Glypican-3
Clone 1G12
| Glypican 3, also known as GPC3, is a human gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the glypican family. Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans are composed of a membrane-associated protein core substituted with a variable number of heparan sulfate chains. Members of the glypican-related integral membrane proteoglycan family (GRIPS) contain a core protein anchored to the cytoplasmic membrane via a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol linkage. These proteins may play a role in the control of cell division and growth regulation.
Glypican-3 antibody has been identified to be a useful tumor marker for the diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC), Hepatoblastoma, Melanoma, Testicular Germ Cell Tumors, and Wilms Tumor. In patients with HCC, GPC3 was overexpressed in neoplastic liver tissue and elevated in serum but was undetectable in normal liver, benign liver, and the serum of healthy donors. GPC3 expression was also found to be higher in HCC liver tissue than in cirrhotic liver or liver with focal lesions such as dysplastic nodules and areas of hepatic adenoma (HA) with malignant transformation. In the context of Testicular Germ Cell Tumors, GPC3 expression is up-regulated in certain histologic subtypes, specifically Yolk Sac Tumors and Choriocarcinoma. A high level of GPC3 expression has also been found in some types of embryonal tumors, such as Wilms Tumor and Hepatoblastoma. |
HHV-8
Clone 13B10
HHV-8 is a mouse monoclonal antibody for immunohistochemistry from Bio SB. Kaposi’s Sarcoma-associated herpes virus is the eighth human herpes virus (HHV-8); its formal name according to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses is HHV-8. The HHV-8 antibody labels the latent nuclear antigen protein via immunohistochemistry.
PGP 9.5
Clone BSB-46
Protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), also known as ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase-1 (UCH-L1), is a 27-kDa protein originally isolated from whole brain extracts (1). Although PGP 9.5 antibody expression in normal tissues was originally felt to be strictly confined to neurons and neuroendocrine cells (2), it has been subsequently documented in distal renal tubular epithelium, spermatogonia, Leydig cells, oocytes, melanocytes, prostatic secretory epithelium, ejaculatory duct cells, epididymis, mammary epithelial cells, Merkel cells, and dermal fibroblasts.
Immunostaining PGP 9.5 antibody has been demonstrated in a plethora of different mesenchymal neoplasms.
SARS-CoV-2
Clone BSB-134
| The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 2 virus (SARS-CoV-2) is a betacoronavirus first isolated in Wuhan, China, in late 2019. The virus has a 29.8 kbp genome, encoding the membrane, envelope, nucleocapsid, and spike glycoprotein. The spike proteins are cleaved by TMPRSS2 serine protease, then the Receptor Binding Domain of the spike protein binds with ACE2 or CD147 to enter the cell.
The SARS-CoV-2 virus has been shown to infect the tracheal and lung epithelium, GI tract, and olfactory neuron, brain, bone marrow and possibly other organs. Cough, fever, and trouble breathing are the main symptoms, although GI distress, fatigue, and neurological distress are also common. Severe symptoms are more likely to appear in patients with advanced age and/or preexisting cardiovascular disease or diabetes. The virus has a 2-11 day incubation period and mortality rate around 2.5%. Severe symptoms include diffuse alveolar damage in the lungs, hyaline membrane formation, microthrombi in the lungs, heart, and brain, and extreme inflammation as “cytokine storms” that flood the body with cytokines (elevated 1L1, IL-6, IL-8, and TNFa among others) and immune cells (especially CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and CD68+ and CD163+ Macrophages). This antibody cross-reacts with SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein, but not with MERS, 229E, or OC43 coronaviruses. |
SOX-2
Clone RM427
SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2, also known as SOX-2, is a transcription factor that is essential for maintaining self-renewal, or pluripotency, of undifferentiated embryonic stem cells. It is required for stem cell maintenance in the central nervous system, and it also regulates gene expression in the stomach.
SOX-2 antibody is expressed in fetal brain and is used as a marker for multipotential neural stem cells. In tumors, SOX-2 expression is observed in teratoma of the central nervous system, melanoma, testicular germ cell tumor, cervical carcinoma, lung cancer, breast cancer with basal cell phenotype, and squamous cell carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract. SOX-2 may be useful in the identification of embryonal carcinoma. In stage I lung adenocarcinomas, SOX2 seems to be an independent predictor of poor outcome and may help stratify patients at increased risk for recurrence.
SOX-10
Clone BSB-62
Transcription factor SOX-10 is a member of the SOX (SRY-related HMG-box) family of transcription factors involved in the regulation of embryonic development and in the determination of the cell fate. The encoded protein may act as a transcriptional activator after forming a protein complex with other proteins. This protein acts as a nucleocytoplasmic shuttle protein and is important for neural crest and peripheral nervous system development. Mutations in this gene are associated with Waardenburg-Shah and Waardenburg-Hirschsprung disease. TintoFast SOX-10 has been recently shown to be a sensitive marker of melanoma, including conventional, spindled, and desmoplastic subtypes.
TintoFast SOX-10 is expressed by metastatic melanomas and nodal capsular nevus in sentinel lymph nodes, but not by other lymph node components such as dendritic cells which usually express S100 protein. In scar specimens, immature fibroblasts, epithelioid granulomas, and histiocytic proliferations can histopathologically mimic residual melanoma and even be positive for MiTF and S100. However, SOX-10 is less likely to be expressed by fibroblasts or histiocytes, especially compared to MiTF and S100. Anti-SOX-10 produces a nuclear stain that provides a clean signal that is much sharper and darker in staining quality when compared to the use of antibodies against MiTF and S100.